The African American English (AAE) is spoken by a
large population of Americans of African descent. The AAE is generally
used in casual and informal situations and is much more common among working
class people.
Phonological Differences between African American
English and SAE.
r-Delection
Like several dialects of both British and American
English, AAE includes a rule that deletes /r/ everywhere except before a vowel.
Pairs of words like guard and god, nor and gnaw, sore and saw, poor and Poe,
fort and fought, and court and caught are pronounced identically in AAE because
of this phonological rule. There is also an l-deletion rule for some speakers
of AAE, creating identically pronounced pairs like toll and toe, all and awe,
help and hep.
A consonant cluster reduction rule in AAE simplifies consonant clusters, particularly at the ends of words and when one of the two consonants is an alveolar (/t/, /d/, /s/, /z/). The application of this rule may delete the past-tense morpheme so that meant, and mend are both pronounced as men, and past and passed (pass + ed) may both be pronounced like pass.
Example:
SAE
AAE
Walked /wɔːkt/ /wɔk/
Walked /wɔːkt/ /wɔk/
Neutralization of [ɪ] and [ɛ] before Nasal Consonants AAE shares with many regional dialects a lack of distinction between /ɪ/ and /ɛ/ before nasal consonants, producing identical pronunciations of pin and pen, bin and Ben, tin and ten, and so on. The vowel sound in these words is roughly between the [ɪ] of pit and the [ɛ] of pet.
Loss of Interdental Fricatives
A regular feature is the change of a /θ/ to /f/ and /ð/ to /v/ so that Ruth is pro- nounced [ruf] and brother is pronounced [brʌvər].
A regular feature is the change of a /θ/ to /f/ and /ð/ to /v/ so that Ruth is pro- nounced [ruf] and brother is pronounced [brʌvər].
Syntactic Differences between AAE
and SAE
Multiple Negatives
The multiple negatives of AAE are governed by rules of syntax and are not illogical.
Example:
SAE
AAE
I don't have any cats. I have no cats.
Deletion of the Verb “Be”
In most cases, if in Standard English the verb can be
contracted, in African American English sentences it is deleted; where it can’t
be contracted in SAE, it can’t be deleted in AAE.
Example:
SAE
AAE
She is beautiful. She beautiful.
Habitual “Be”
In AAE, this distinction is made syntactically; an uninflected form of be is used if the speaker is referring to habitual state.
In AAE, this distinction is made syntactically; an uninflected form of be is used if the speaker is referring to habitual state.
Example: SAE AAE
Sarah is always happy. Sarah be happy.
“There” Replacement
Some AAE dialects replace SAE there with it’s in positive sentences, and don’t or ain’t in negative sentences.
Example: SAE AAE
“There’s a fly messing with me. It’s a fly messing with me.
References
Fromkin, V. (2014). An introduction to langue. In V. Fromkin, An introduction to langue,Tenth edition. (p. 291). Boston: Wadsworth Cenage learning.
Rowe, B. M. (2016). A Concise Introduction to Linguistics Fourth edition. In B. M. Rowe, A Concise Introduction to Linguistics Fourth edition (p. 194). London: Routledge.
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